随着比特币威胁的加剧，美国政府对量子计算下了 20 亿美元的赌注

简而言之

美国商务部将向量子计算初创公司和代工厂投资超过 20 亿美元。

研究人员越来越多地警告称，量子计算机能够破解当前加密的“Q-Day”最早可能在 2030 年到来。

比特币、以太坊、银行和互联网基础设施都依赖于未来量子系统最终可能妥协的密码学。

The U.S. government is placing a multibillion-dollar bet on quantum computing as concerns grow that future machines could eventually crack the encryption protecting everything from crypto wallets to banking systems and military networks.

根据周四的公告，美国商务部将向 9 家公司投资超过 20 亿美元，其中 10 亿美元将捐给 IBM，用于一项以 Anderon 为中心的新的美国量子制造计划，Anderon 是一家拟议的位于纽约的量子晶圆代工厂，旨在扩大先进量子芯片的生产规模。

“IBM has pioneered quantum computing for decades. Our work in silicon wafer fabrication has been a key to IBM's success and will be critical to enable a broader quantum technology landscape that will reshape global innovation and economic competitiveness,” IBM CEO and Chairman Arvind Krishna said in a statement. “在美国商务部的支持下，Anderon 将处于有利位置，为美国快速增长的量子技术产业提供动力。”

Under the proposal, the Department of Commerce would provide $1 billion in CHIPS incentives while IBM contributes another $1 billion in cash, intellectual property, manufacturing assets, and personnel.该工厂总部将设在纽约州奥尔巴尼，专注于 300 毫米超导量子晶圆制造。

Beyond the IBM investment, GlobalFoundries is expected to receive $375 million from the U.S. government, while Atom Computing, D-Wave, Infleqtion, PsiQuantum, Quantinuum, and Rigetti are each slated for $100 million awards.量子初创公司 Diraq 将获得 3800 万美元。作为回报，政府将持有每家公司不同的股权。

“With today’s CHIPS research and development investments in quantum computing, the Trump administration is leading the world into a new era of American innovation,” said Secretary of Commerce Howard Lutnick, in a statement. “These strategic quantum technology investments will build on our domestic industry, creating thousands of high-paying American jobs while advancing American quantum capabilities.”

超导量子位使用冷却至比太空更低的温度的微型电路来存储信息。 Unlike normal computer bits, which can only be a 0 or a 1, qubits can exist in multiple states at once, allowing quantum computers to solve some problems much faster than traditional machines.

量子计算的主要障碍之一是芯片本身的制造。量子芯片构建在称为晶圆的超薄硅盘上，晶圆上装有量子位和支持电子器件。生产它们需要极其精确的制造和非常低的错误率。 IBM said Anderon will initially make wafers for superconducting quantum chips and related electronics before expanding into other types of quantum hardware.

IBM 在 11 月发布的量子路线图中表示，其目标是到 2029 年推出大规模容错量子计算机。

The announcement comes as concerns grow around “Q-Day,” the term used to describe the moment when quantum computers become powerful enough to break the cryptographic systems protecting Bitcoin, Ethereum, encrypted communications, banks, and much of the modern internet.

研究人员警告说，区块链面临着特殊的风险，因为交易是公开且不可逆转的。一旦公钥在链上公开，未来的量子计算机就有可能派生出相应的私钥并窃取资金。一旦资产被转移，就没有能够逆转盗窃行为的欺诈恢复系统。

A recent report from quantum security firm Project Eleven warned that a quantum computer capable of breaking the elliptic curve cryptography used by Bitcoin and Ethereum could arrive as early as 2030, as Google researchers separately warn that future quantum systems may require fewer qubits than previously believed to crack modern cryptography.

Earlier this week, Citi analysts warned that Bitcoin may face greater long-term exposure than Ethereum because Bitcoin’s governance structure makes major protocol upgrades slower and more politically difficult. The bank estimated that roughly 6.7 to 7 million Bitcoin—up to one-third of the total supply—already sits in wallets with publicly exposed keys.